Which of the following can negatively impact breastfeeding?

High maternal stress levels can significantly impact breastfeeding by affecting both the physiological and psychological aspects of the breastfeeding triangle: the mother, the infant, and the act of breastfeeding itself. When a mother experiences high levels of stress, it can lead to increased levels of cortisol and other stress hormones in her body. This hormonal change may influence milk production and the letdown reflex, making it more difficult for the mother to produce sufficient milk or for the baby to effectively nurse.

Additionally, stress can affect a mother's emotional state and self-efficacy, possibly leading to feelings of anxiety or overwhelm regarding breastfeeding. This can undermine her confidence and willingness to breastfeed, potentially leading to premature weaning or a reduction in breastfeeding frequency. It’s essential for mothers to have strategies in place to manage stress and establish a supportive environment that promotes successful breastfeeding. Thus, understanding the relationship between stress and breastfeeding is crucial for ensuring both maternal and infant well-being during the breastfeeding period.